Had always wondered whether anyone had ever compiled anything like this…
Trump's victory, considered unlikely by most forecasts,[536][537][538][539][540]was characterized as an "upset" and as "shocking" by the media.[541][542][543][544] Trump himself thought he would lose even as the polls were closing.[545]
Further information: Protests against Donald Trump § Post-election protests
Following the announcement of Trump's election, large protests broke out across the United States with some continuing for several days.[546][547][548][549]
Protesters have held up a number of different signs and chanted various shouts including "Not my president" and "We don't accept the president-elect."[550][546] The movement organized on Twitter under the hashtags #Antitrump and #NotMyPresident.[551][552]
High school and college students walked out of classes to protest.[553] At a few protests fires were lit, flags and other items were burned and people yelled derogatory remarks about Trump. Rioters also broke glass at certain locations.[554][555] Celebrities such as Madonna, Cher, and Lady Gaga took part in New York.[556][557][558] Kendrick Lamar's song "Alright" was used repeatedly by protestors, despite the movement receiving no endorsement from Lamar himself.[559][560][561] Some protesters took to blocking freeways in Los Angeles, San Diego, and Portland, Oregon, and were dispersed by police in the early hours of the morning.[562][563] In a number of cities, protesters were dispersed with rubber bullets, pepper spray and bean-bags fired by police.[564][565][566] In New York City, calls were made to continue the protests over the coming days after the election.[567] Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti expressed understanding of the protests and praised those who peacefully wanted to make their voices heard.[568]
After the election, computer scientists, including J. Alex Halderman, the director of the University of MichiganCenter for Computer Security and Society, urged the Clinton campaign to request an election recount in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania (three swing states where Trump had won narrowly) for the purpose of excluding the possibility that the hacking of electronic voting machines had influenced the recorded outcome.[569][570][571] However, statistician Nate Silver performed a regression analysiswhich demonstrated that the alleged discrepancy between paper ballots and electronic voting machines "completely disappears once you control for race and education level."[572] On November 25, 2016, the Obama administrationsaid the results from November 8 "accurately reflect the will of the American people."[573] The following day, the White House released another statement, saying: "the federal government did not observe any increased level of malicious cyberactivity aimed at disrupting our electoral process on Election Day."[574]
Donald Trump and New Hampshire governor Chris Sununu both complained that liberal voters from Massachusetts were illegally bused into New Hampshire for the 2016 election, and Scott Brown blamed the same phenomenon for losing his senate race in 2014.[575] The New Hampshire Secretary of State and New Hampshire Department of Justice issued a report in 2018 regarding complaints of voters being bused in from Vermont, Maine, and Massachusetts for the 2016 election. They found that in every case, field inspectors were able to determine that the voters were from New Hampshire, though they were riding a bus operated by an out-of-state company (which has its name and address written on the outside of the bus, presumably the source of the confusion).[575] Out of 743,000 votes cast, four were determined to be cast illegally, either because the voters were told to go to the wrong location, or because the voter believed they were able to vote in each town in which they owned property.[575] Out of about 6,000 same-day voter registrations in the state, the report says only 66 voters could not have their residency confirmed (though fraud is not the only explanation for such a failure).[575]
On November 23, Green Partypresidential candidate Jill Steinlaunched a public fundraiser to pay for recounts in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, asserting that the election's outcome had been affected by hacking in those states; Stein did not provide evidence for her claims.[576][577] Changing the outcome of these three states would make Clinton the winner, and this would require showing that fewer than 60,000 votes had been counted for Trump which should have been counted for Clinton. Stein filed for a recount in Wisconsin on November 25,[578] after which Clinton campaign general counsel Marc Eliassaid their campaign would join Stein's recount efforts in that state and possibly others "in order to ensure the process proceeds in a manner that is fair to all sides."[386][579] Stein subsequently filed for a recount in Pennsylvania on November 28,[580]and in Michigan on November 30.[581]Concurrently, American Delta Party/Reform Party presidential candidate Rocky De La Fuente sought and was granted a partial recount in Nevada that was unrelated to Stein's efforts.[388]
President-elect Donald Trump issued a statement denouncing Stein's Wisconsin recount request saying, "The people have spoken and the election is over." Trump further commented that the recount "is a scam by the Green Party for an election that has already been conceded."[582] The Trump campaign and Republican Party officials moved to block Stein's three recount efforts through state and federal courts.[583][584]
U.S. District Judge Mark Goldsmithordered a halt to the recount in Michigan on December 7, dissolving a previous temporary restraining order against the Michigan Board of Elections that allowed the recount to continue, stating in his order: "Plaintiffs have not presented evidence of tampering or mistake. Instead, they present speculative claims going to the vulnerability of the voting machinery—but not actual injury."[585] On December 12, U.S. District Judge Paul Diamond rejected an appeal by the Green Party and Jill Stein to force a recount in Pennsylvania, stating that suspicion of a hacked Pennsylvania election "borders on the irrational" and that granting the Green Party's recount bid could "ensure that no Pennsylvania vote counts" given the December 13, 2016, federal deadline to certify the vote for the Electoral College.[586]Meanwhile, the Wisconsin recount was allowed to continue as it was nearing completion and had uncovered no significant irregularities.[587]
The recounts in Wisconsin and Nevada were completed on schedule, resulting in only minor changes to vote tallies.[588][589] A partial recount of Michigan ballot found some precinct imbalances in Detroit, which were corrected. A subsequent state audit found no evidence of voter fraud and concluded that the mistakes, which were "almost entirely" caused by poll-worker mistakes attributed to poor training, did not impair "the ability of Detroit residents to cast a ballot and have their vote counted."[590] The overall outcome of the election remained unchanged by the recount efforts.[588][589][591]
Intense lobbying (in one case involving claims of harassment and death threats)[592] and grass-rootscampaigns were directed at various GOP electors of the United States Electoral College[593] to convince a sufficient number of them (37) to not vote for Trump, thus precluding a Trump presidency.[594] Members of the Electoral College themselves started a campaign for other members to "vote their conscience for the good of America" in accordance with Alexander Hamilton's Federalist Paper No. 68.[595][596][597][598] Former candidate Lawrence Lessig and attorney Laurence Tribe established The Electors Trust on December 5 under the aegis of Equal Citizens to provide pro bono legal counsel as well as a secure communications platform for members of the Electoral College who were considering a vote of conscienceagainst Trump.[599]
On December 6, Colorado Secretary of State Wayne W. Williams castigated Democratic electors who had filed a lawsuit in Federal court to have the state law binding them to the popular vote (in their case for Hillary Clinton) overturned.[600]
On December 10, ten electors, in an open letter headed by Christine Pelosito the Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, demanded an intelligence briefing[601][602] in light of Russian interference in the election to help Trump win the presidency.[603]Fifty-eight additional electors subsequently added their names to the letter,[602] bringing the total to 68 electors from 17 different states.[604]On December 16, the briefing request was denied.[605]
On December 19, several electors voted against their pledged candidates: two against Trump and five against Clinton. A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again. The 115th United States Congressofficially certified the results on January 6, 2017.[606][607]
In the Electoral College vote on December 19, for the first time since 1808, multiple faithless electors voted against their pledged qualified presidential candidate.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-615 Five Democrats rebelled in Washington and Hawaii, while two Republicans rebelled in Texas.[608] Two Democratic electors, one in Minnesota and one in Colorado, were replaced after voting for Bernie Sanders and John Kasich, respectively.[609][610] Electors in Maine conducted a second vote after one of its members voted for Sanders; the elector then voted for Clinton.[611] Likewise, for the first time since 1896,[c] multiple faithless electors voted against the pledged qualified vice presidential candidate.
Post-election events and controversies
See also: International reactions to the 2016 United States presidential electionTrump's victory, considered unlikely by most forecasts,[536][537][538][539][540]was characterized as an "upset" and as "shocking" by the media.[541][542][543][544] Trump himself thought he would lose even as the polls were closing.[545]
Protests
News report about the protests in Los Angeles on November 12 from Voice of AmericaFurther information: Protests against Donald Trump § Post-election protests
Following the announcement of Trump's election, large protests broke out across the United States with some continuing for several days.[546][547][548][549]
Protesters have held up a number of different signs and chanted various shouts including "Not my president" and "We don't accept the president-elect."[550][546] The movement organized on Twitter under the hashtags #Antitrump and #NotMyPresident.[551][552]
High school and college students walked out of classes to protest.[553] At a few protests fires were lit, flags and other items were burned and people yelled derogatory remarks about Trump. Rioters also broke glass at certain locations.[554][555] Celebrities such as Madonna, Cher, and Lady Gaga took part in New York.[556][557][558] Kendrick Lamar's song "Alright" was used repeatedly by protestors, despite the movement receiving no endorsement from Lamar himself.[559][560][561] Some protesters took to blocking freeways in Los Angeles, San Diego, and Portland, Oregon, and were dispersed by police in the early hours of the morning.[562][563] In a number of cities, protesters were dispersed with rubber bullets, pepper spray and bean-bags fired by police.[564][565][566] In New York City, calls were made to continue the protests over the coming days after the election.[567] Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti expressed understanding of the protests and praised those who peacefully wanted to make their voices heard.[568]
Vote tampering concerns
"How Hard Is It to Hack the US Election" video report from Voice of America, November 5, 2016 (three days before the election)After the election, computer scientists, including J. Alex Halderman, the director of the University of MichiganCenter for Computer Security and Society, urged the Clinton campaign to request an election recount in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania (three swing states where Trump had won narrowly) for the purpose of excluding the possibility that the hacking of electronic voting machines had influenced the recorded outcome.[569][570][571] However, statistician Nate Silver performed a regression analysiswhich demonstrated that the alleged discrepancy between paper ballots and electronic voting machines "completely disappears once you control for race and education level."[572] On November 25, 2016, the Obama administrationsaid the results from November 8 "accurately reflect the will of the American people."[573] The following day, the White House released another statement, saying: "the federal government did not observe any increased level of malicious cyberactivity aimed at disrupting our electoral process on Election Day."[574]
Donald Trump and New Hampshire governor Chris Sununu both complained that liberal voters from Massachusetts were illegally bused into New Hampshire for the 2016 election, and Scott Brown blamed the same phenomenon for losing his senate race in 2014.[575] The New Hampshire Secretary of State and New Hampshire Department of Justice issued a report in 2018 regarding complaints of voters being bused in from Vermont, Maine, and Massachusetts for the 2016 election. They found that in every case, field inspectors were able to determine that the voters were from New Hampshire, though they were riding a bus operated by an out-of-state company (which has its name and address written on the outside of the bus, presumably the source of the confusion).[575] Out of 743,000 votes cast, four were determined to be cast illegally, either because the voters were told to go to the wrong location, or because the voter believed they were able to vote in each town in which they owned property.[575] Out of about 6,000 same-day voter registrations in the state, the report says only 66 voters could not have their residency confirmed (though fraud is not the only explanation for such a failure).[575]
Recount petitions
Main article: 2016 United States presidential election recountsOn November 23, Green Partypresidential candidate Jill Steinlaunched a public fundraiser to pay for recounts in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, asserting that the election's outcome had been affected by hacking in those states; Stein did not provide evidence for her claims.[576][577] Changing the outcome of these three states would make Clinton the winner, and this would require showing that fewer than 60,000 votes had been counted for Trump which should have been counted for Clinton. Stein filed for a recount in Wisconsin on November 25,[578] after which Clinton campaign general counsel Marc Eliassaid their campaign would join Stein's recount efforts in that state and possibly others "in order to ensure the process proceeds in a manner that is fair to all sides."[386][579] Stein subsequently filed for a recount in Pennsylvania on November 28,[580]and in Michigan on November 30.[581]Concurrently, American Delta Party/Reform Party presidential candidate Rocky De La Fuente sought and was granted a partial recount in Nevada that was unrelated to Stein's efforts.[388]
President-elect Donald Trump issued a statement denouncing Stein's Wisconsin recount request saying, "The people have spoken and the election is over." Trump further commented that the recount "is a scam by the Green Party for an election that has already been conceded."[582] The Trump campaign and Republican Party officials moved to block Stein's three recount efforts through state and federal courts.[583][584]
U.S. District Judge Mark Goldsmithordered a halt to the recount in Michigan on December 7, dissolving a previous temporary restraining order against the Michigan Board of Elections that allowed the recount to continue, stating in his order: "Plaintiffs have not presented evidence of tampering or mistake. Instead, they present speculative claims going to the vulnerability of the voting machinery—but not actual injury."[585] On December 12, U.S. District Judge Paul Diamond rejected an appeal by the Green Party and Jill Stein to force a recount in Pennsylvania, stating that suspicion of a hacked Pennsylvania election "borders on the irrational" and that granting the Green Party's recount bid could "ensure that no Pennsylvania vote counts" given the December 13, 2016, federal deadline to certify the vote for the Electoral College.[586]Meanwhile, the Wisconsin recount was allowed to continue as it was nearing completion and had uncovered no significant irregularities.[587]
The recounts in Wisconsin and Nevada were completed on schedule, resulting in only minor changes to vote tallies.[588][589] A partial recount of Michigan ballot found some precinct imbalances in Detroit, which were corrected. A subsequent state audit found no evidence of voter fraud and concluded that the mistakes, which were "almost entirely" caused by poll-worker mistakes attributed to poor training, did not impair "the ability of Detroit residents to cast a ballot and have their vote counted."[590] The overall outcome of the election remained unchanged by the recount efforts.[588][589][591]
Electoral College lobbying
Intense lobbying (in one case involving claims of harassment and death threats)[592] and grass-rootscampaigns were directed at various GOP electors of the United States Electoral College[593] to convince a sufficient number of them (37) to not vote for Trump, thus precluding a Trump presidency.[594] Members of the Electoral College themselves started a campaign for other members to "vote their conscience for the good of America" in accordance with Alexander Hamilton's Federalist Paper No. 68.[595][596][597][598] Former candidate Lawrence Lessig and attorney Laurence Tribe established The Electors Trust on December 5 under the aegis of Equal Citizens to provide pro bono legal counsel as well as a secure communications platform for members of the Electoral College who were considering a vote of conscienceagainst Trump.[599]
On December 6, Colorado Secretary of State Wayne W. Williams castigated Democratic electors who had filed a lawsuit in Federal court to have the state law binding them to the popular vote (in their case for Hillary Clinton) overturned.[600]
On December 10, ten electors, in an open letter headed by Christine Pelosito the Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, demanded an intelligence briefing[601][602] in light of Russian interference in the election to help Trump win the presidency.[603]Fifty-eight additional electors subsequently added their names to the letter,[602] bringing the total to 68 electors from 17 different states.[604]On December 16, the briefing request was denied.[605]
On December 19, several electors voted against their pledged candidates: two against Trump and five against Clinton. A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again. The 115th United States Congressofficially certified the results on January 6, 2017.[606][607]
Faithless electors
Main article: Faithless electors in the 2016 United States presidential electionIn the Electoral College vote on December 19, for the first time since 1808, multiple faithless electors voted against their pledged qualified presidential candidate.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election#cite_note-615 Five Democrats rebelled in Washington and Hawaii, while two Republicans rebelled in Texas.[608] Two Democratic electors, one in Minnesota and one in Colorado, were replaced after voting for Bernie Sanders and John Kasich, respectively.[609][610] Electors in Maine conducted a second vote after one of its members voted for Sanders; the elector then voted for Clinton.[611] Likewise, for the first time since 1896,[c] multiple faithless electors voted against the pledged qualified vice presidential candidate.
- One Clinton elector in Colorado attempted to vote for John Kasich.[612] The single vote was ruled invalid by Colorado state law, the elector was dismissed, and an alternative elector was sworn in who voted for Clinton.[613][610]
- One Clinton elector in Minnesota voted for Bernie Sanders as president and Tulsi Gabbard as vice president; his votes were discarded and he was replaced by an alternate who voted for Clinton.[613]
- One Clinton elector in Maine voted for Bernie Sanders; this vote was invalidated as "improper" and the elector subsequently voted for Clinton.[613]
- Four Clinton electors in Washington did not vote for Clinton (three votes went to Colin Powell, and one to Faith Spotted Eagle).[614]
- One Trump elector in Georgia resigned before the vote rather than vote for Trump and was replaced by an alternate.[615]
- Two Trump electors in Texas did not vote for Trump (one vote went to John Kasich, one to Ron Paul); one elector did not vote for Pence and instead voted for Carly Fiorina for vice-president; a third resigned before the vote rather than vote for Trump and was replaced by an alternate.[614]
- One Clinton elector in Hawaii voted for Bernie Sanders.[616]
