Yeah, this has been an issue for quite some time. When the Browns left CLE, it was because Art Model didn't have enough cash to pay for his kid's inheritance tax so he got MD to give him ~ $100m in cash.
On the other hand, I lived near Pittsburgh when the steel mills collapsed. Then I moved to CLE. Pitt clearly has recovered faster, and I am convinced it is because of the championship years Pittsburg enjoyed. It sealed their "brand" as a championship city and created more investment into the area. CLE, in the meantime, has had one of the worst runs in sports history across all major sports. CLE has an awful branch, people have a chip on their shoulder and nobody wants to come here and play (until James came back).
So, my point is, that these studies don't include marketing and "brand awareness". Did you know Columbus is the largest city in Ohio? Many people don't. Why? It doesn't hasn't had a pro franchise (recent addition of the Blue Jackets, NHL) .
could Penn St cost justify a new 110,000 seat stadium? I am sure not. However, without football and that stadium, PSU would be a cow pasture university commensurate with Ohio University.